Daily Behavior Communication Template

As an example of harem, we can put the harem Palace Topkapi (Istanbul).

This grand palace was the residence of the sultans since its construction in 1478 until 1853, when the Sultan moved to another European-style palace, in 1924, reopened as a museum, an activity that continues to devote today.

Surely the harem who had the palace would be great, big, both literally and metaphorically, since many of the women who lived in it would be well trained in arts such as music and dance.

Topkapi's Harem was divided into two classes: the maids-cariyeler and privileged-gedikiler .

The maids had no contact with the Sultan. If any of the women was chosen by the Sultan as a concubine was given a private room to prepare for the appointment, if after this first meeting, the Sultan was interested in her, this lady became odalisque.

The harem was led by the mother of the Sultan, who also chose the women in it. The Sultan's mother (Valide Sultan) could become a powerful figure in the intrigues of the palace, as the example of Kosem , mother of Ibrahim the Mad.

One of the most amazing parts that make up the harem of Topkapi is Cage ( Kafes), a building where enceerraban the heirs to old age, they only came out to replace Sultan died. This was used as a control method, so that no heir to his father conspired or interests.

The harem was a place forbidden to men, except the eunuchs ,, castrated men who guarded the harems, in some cases went on to become powerful men.

The story behind any eunuch had, from my point of view was never to be easy. Men who suffered a painful mutilation and became slaves belonging to a new genus, neither male nor female, and that in the best: survive castration.
Etymologically the word derives from the Latin eunuch eunūchus which in turn derives from the Greek εὐνοῦχος and means "he who keeps bed women."

For Sultan's children to remain in the harem, the eunuchs would be the male figure in a long time and would be among heirs and these guards could be forged friendships that eventually benefit much to the eunuchs.

Returning to the castrated men, we must say that I had the same "value" a castrated all: these were more valuable. At female survivors, they inserted a bar of lead into the urethra to be removed for urination. They also valued their culture: namely recite, sing, play instruments, etc.

A eunuch was that China began historiography: Ssu-Ma-Chen . Go to the s. BC this young man succeeded his father as imperial astrologer and calligrapher, began to gather news from different realms and only wanted to set a timetable for the unification of the territories.

At a meeting of sovereign Chinese generals after a loss, Ssu-Ma-Chen contadijo why they seemed to have lost the battle the generals. To his regret this was taken as an insult to the sovereign and was sentenced to death. The emperor was spared, because she did not want to lose the work that the young man was doing, but sentenced him to be castrated.

Ssu-Ma-Chen could continue their task.

Sources: Great History, n º 18

National Geographic History, n º 56

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Society of

Previously we've talked about Samurai, specifically bushido , this time we will discuss the society.

As before, we must say that the figure of the Samurai is surrounded by legend and wonder, so we can have a vision "topical" and "romantic" of these warriors. Samurai warriors were loyal to his master, but there were also some samurai known as Ronins (wave man), some warriors were free, they ended up in that situation for the death of the man who served or the loss of her favors, but they were also the children Ronins of Ronins .

probably the samurai as a class, born in the twelfth century, but in fact it dates back about BC when they appear s.IV military elites within tribal society. Therefore, you can see this as a background source of these warriors. These tribal warriors were gaining power and prestige over time, became in large clans.

In Heian period (794-1192) rose as the samurai class. Also during this period one can say that the samurai adopted many of their characteristics with respect to weapons and clothing. At the end of the twelfth century, when Minamoto Yoritomo won Gempei War, established the supremacy of caste samurai, which was one of the major players in Japan in the following centuries.

Japanese feudal society s.XVI

The samurai formed a caste family was serving the high nobility (daimyo ). These gentlemen based their power in personal and family ties.

At the top of the pyramid is the Japanese feudal Daimyo and their immediate families, below the fudai, are families who had long been serving ecuentran daimyo.

After the subjects we find that in most cases are due daimyo in feudal internal wars, which were becoming vassals of the conqueror, adding that his generals. Links loyalties were so very complicated.

Within this social organization, was a purely military and this is where the samurai are center stage. There were different classes of samurai, which according to their status and wealth brought his horse, weapons, men and equipment in the service of his master whenever required.

At the base of the military society were the ashigaru, which constituted the bulk of combatants: bearers, infantry, archers, messengers, etc.. The military class was working as day laborers in the service of the samurai peacetime.

After the battle of Sekigahara, where Tokugawa Ieyasu defeated, there was a great period of peace for some three centuries samurai What do the three centuries of peace? Samurai caste was closed further and became members of the court to participate in its administration and advice and duels were common. The daymio were forced to reduce its troops and Ronins began to be a problem.

Meiji Restoration

In 1868 he gave the Meiji Restoration was a Westernization of Japan, which the samurai was not the only armed force, was abolished the right to carry katana in public and kill servers disrespected the samurai. Established "equality" among the Japanese, so the samurai lost their position was favorable and growing unrest, some were able to adapt to the new situation and incorporated into other work.

In 1877 he gave the last samurai battle ( reflected very idyllic in The Last Samurai ) led by Saigo (in the painting that accompanies this post), followed by nearly fifty thousand disgruntled samurai, he went to Tokyo to defeat the government. A modern army was sent by the government and the battle lasted a week. This army was not professional but he managed to defeat the samurai. Saigo was defeated and forced to retreat, so follow the samurai code of honor in practice the hara-kiri.

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Samurai Death of Mary Stuart. Part II

ended Part I with the murder of Rizzio, and so the story goes ...

nobles who murdered Rizzio Mary retained in the palace with the intention to form a junta to govern in the name of the queen. But she's very clever, with the help of some of his followers, managed to fool everyone by pretending he had reconciled with her husband.

must be said that Lord Darnley was a major conspirator against his wife, he was vain, conceited and say that "lush and bisexual."
Mary managed to escape the castle of Dunbar and managed to regain his power. Enlisted the help of the Earl of Bothwell . This man was fierce in battle, manly and violent and it was already suspected that the queen and he were lovers.

Anyway, Mary Stuart and I needed it over the top to maintain their combat power and nobility. The differences we saw Mary at that time between Lord Darnley and the Earl Bothwell were abysmal. Her husband despised in many cases openly conspired against him, drinking and neglect of duty, while the Earl Bothwell and supported it "exercised its role as lover."

But this situation, make no mistake, it was not favorable, the rift between Mary and her husband were dormant and were real , the separation was not an option, because if this happened the child had share would be considered illegitimate and therefore lose their inheritance rights.

But something changed again the life of Mary Stuart. The February 10, 1567 dawn, a huge explosion was heard in Edinburgh, came from Kirk o'Field ... Guess who live there? Lord Darnley. The poor man appeared in the garden of his residence, perhaps strangled. Here you can place bets on the guilty did Mary? "The Earl of Bothwell? Do the nobles?

At that time all blamed Mary and her lover. some historians now believe that the culprits were the nobles, including Bothwell, but Mary was not aware of the murder would occur.

The immediate consequences of this murder were two:
"The nobles headed by the brother of Mary got more power.
"The Earl Bothwell was charged but was acquitted.

Three months after the murder of Lord Darnley was a famous incident in the life of Mary Stuart: Bothwell allegedly kidnapped and raped . Nobody believed him, least of what happened next: Mary "pardoned" and to save his honor should marry, so the Earl of Bothwell was divorced from his wife express way and married Mary in a Protestant wedding. Her third husband and third failure, the nobles refused to accept the new king, fighting broke out, Mary was defeated , but retained by the victors and Bothwell fled.

Mary was unpopular in his kingdom, the people screaming for the kill and finally locked up for a year at Loch Even. Elizabeth I tried to convince her to divorce but she refused saying she was pregnant. Shortly after abortion.
The pressure was very strong and Maria had to abdicate in favor of his son and give the regency to his brother while the child was younger. His brother took away their property. Mary Stuart

gathered his forces and managed to gather a small army and escaped his prison. It played all out in a battle: Langside. Their defeat was total.

he took the worst decision of his life , instead of traveling to France he went to England seeking the support of his cousin. Isabel refused to see it, decided it was better than Mary to face a tribunal for the murder of Lord Darnley, and here ... Here Mary was lost in a million plots confirming his feud with Elizabeth I of England. Mary was still held, although some wanted to run.

to 1584 Mary enjoyed a fairly flexible captivity: receiving visitors, danced, went hunting ...

The treason against Elizabeth continued, but there was one essential: the Babington, an English Catholic who planned the death of the queen and then the establishment on the English throne of Mary Stuart. We found some letters from Mary to prove their involvement. She definitely had not abandoned his desire to the throne of England.

Now Elizabeth had a solid foundation for high treason. L you others involved were executed and Mary underwent a trial a court chosen by Isabel. Mary Stuart claimed that he could not bring to trial because she was Queen of Scotland and could not be subject to English law. When he realized that did not work, chose to defend himself as a Catholic martyr who was persecuted for his religion. She was sentenced to death on October 15, 1586. Still, Elizabeth thought for a few months to sign the statement of his cousin, knew that implementing a queen could lead to problems. But the fear was stronger and in February 1587 Mary Stuart met his fate, was beheaded in a hall of Fotheringhay Castle.

His son did what she could not, was king of England and Scotland.

About:

Mary Stuart: Mentirosa adulterous . (very recent article on the queen of Scotland)

Sources:

National Geographic History, n º 51

Mary Stuart. John Guy

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A life of tragedy Mary Stuart. Part I. Mystery of Obanos

PRINT in the post I usually do not split, but the story of Mary Stuart, I will, to be more comfortable reading. Life of Mary Stuart was intense and full problems, and as long as it has a life must take into account the events and people surrounding the protagonist. And he would not publish a post too long. Without further ado, I leave you with Mary Stuart.

Mary Stuart was born in a hard place: Scotland, a country with rich valleys and a powerful nobility used to defy and betray their monarchs. To make matters worse, neighboring England, was more powerful and rich and therefore a potential threat.

For these reasons the King James V of Scotland , father of Mary, was allied with France, the eternal enemy of England. Thus, Mary's mother was French: Marie de Guise . This woman, say with a great personality, had two abortive births and the third (that's the charm) was born Mary Stuart. But since his birth, was unlucky, because while she was born in 1542, his father died of dysentery. She became queen in just a few days of life and the culture medium was in the country was not at all favorable: the nobles wanted the power and status was favorable, they had to oppose a widow and a baby.

A very difficult situation ended with the king of France, offered to secure the throne of Mary in exchange for his son to marry Fancisco. So, she embarked for France with six years. There he found a comfortable life and received a good education. In 1558 was celebrated the marriage between Mary Stuart and Francis and in 1559 the events are turned upside down the lives of the young couple: Henry II, King of France is the death from wounds received in a tournament. Francisco becomes King of France under the name of Francis II and Mary becomes Queen Consort. The two at the tender age of 16.

In 1560 Francis II dies of an infection and last but not least, months later, Mary's mother dies in Scotland, stripped of its power by the nobles. Following the death of women in Scotland French troops withdrew and the country adopted as the Protestant religion.

Mary Stuart then found the first hard decision to take in your life, stay peacefully in France travel to Scotland to exercise their right as queen. Traveled to Scotland, and suppose, but would not be recalling here his life full of difficulties.

was somewhat cautious and before leaving for France agreed to respect the Scottish Protestantism, but in return they should stop celebrating Mass without problems in his private chapel. Why so gave the queen? it is supposed Catholic above all ... Some see this decision reflects the great goal of Mary Stuart, came to the throne of England, for Mary was the granddaughter of Margaret Tudor and great-granddaughter of Henry VII. Therefore, this decision can be interpreted as a plot full of patience not to deal with the English throne, Protestant.

stepped And Mary (in 1561) the ground where she was born, without support and with a sad deal to celebrate mass. At that time, allowed counsel for a group of nobles and public affairs were in the hands of his ambitious brother James, who held power almost completely.

Therefore it can be said that was more or less deprived of power. But Mary, began to make both friends and enemies from the beginning. This woman nearly 1.80 cm tall, attractive, sophisticated, cultured and refined, in short: Renaissance. He won over some of his subjects for his amibilidad, but sparked major Protestant antipathy among many French-style life, fond of hunting, party organizer of masks, read poetry and played several instruments.

In 1562 there was a significant event in the reign of Mary Stuart, John Gordon (Earl of Moray), son of the Earl of Huntly, challenged the Queen without any shame. James, the brother of the queen, saw this aportunidad incident as a great and convinced her to go against him. Thus Mary, a Catholic, he led an army against the main Protestant and Catholic Scottish noble like her: The Earl of Huntly, not to give up his son.

Now I pose a question, a benefit or hurt Mary defeat the most important Catholic family in Scotland? On the one hand, one might think that going against the Catholic minority, Mary was not favoritism, but on the other, Catholics might also think that as a Catholic Queen disfavoured them. What is clear was that James pulled out a big chunk of this, kept the property and the title of John Gordon.

In 1565 Mary Stuart married a Catholic like her Lord Darnley (Henry Stuart). This link had two major consequences:

-Elizabeth I saw it as a major threat . For this wedding could endanger the throne of England. If Mary alone, was seen by the English Catholics as the successor to the throne (remember their ancestors), with Lord Darnley was afienzaba, because he also descended from Margaret Tudor. Therefore, the offspring had was really dangerous. (Shortly after the marriage had a son, James, the future king of England and Scotland)

"Besides the noble Scots thought this link would trigger a Catholic reaction and rose against Mary.

The Queen was strong enough to force the Lords rebels led by his half brother the Earl of Moray to take refuge in England. This was the moment in which Mary had to take to strengthen their Vistoria, but events turned the tables. Her husband demanded to be named King and Mary made a big mistake, refused to negotiate with his brother. Among this turmoil, the Queen appointed a secretary, the Italian David Rizzio, a musician who aroused jealousy among the nobles and had a tragic end, he killed a group of nobles led by Mary's husband, Lord Darnley, in the presence of same queen in the palace of Holyrood .

So far the first part, soon will publish the final.

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I have no chance to meet Obanos, but the other day I saw an article about this town and decided to tell the legend of Obanos here.

Obanos is a municipality in Navarra, its inhabitants do not reach 1,000, but every summer in its place, it represents the mystery of Obanos.

This is one of the many legends that are linked to the Camino de Santiago:

Felicia daughter of the Duke of Aquitaine, tired of his life of opulence, he decided to do the Camino de Santiago. On this trip he discovered his desire to change his life, is "off" of their social status by hiding its origin and decided to devote his life to the needy.

Guillén Meanwhile, his brother was looking for her, until one day he found and vain as he was, did not understand the reasons that led to his sister to get rid of his lineage, so once urged women to return home. Felicia rejected this again and again and he was furious, until one day he stabbed her and she died, buried in Amocaín.

face of the horror of the crime, Guillen repents and confesses his sin, as penance done the Camino de Santiago, like her sister and then stayed near Oban dedicating his life to the poor, as Felicia. He built a chapel on the top of Arnotegui and spent praying and helping others.

This legend, was collected by a priest Obanos under the title of "Martyrdom of Santa Felicia and penance of St. Guillen" and first performed in the summer of 1962. Currently playing this legend every summer Obanos the square.

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Curious about your IQ?

know I do not usually post things unrelated to the story very often, but today I could not help .. .

I think most feel or have ever been curious about what our IQ, without entering into discussions on this ratio, ratio, types of intelligence, "normal", etc, etc, etc. Let me share with you a test that I found on Redefining Limits . When I saw it I thought of one that I did in my high school days ... hehehe, that good memories.

The test is performed by the organization MENSA (an organization of gifted intellectual.)

already did and I got 115, is fun although some figures do you squeeze a little ...

Anyway, enjoy it.

Making Test

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Spanish Jewry in the Middle Ages

One most visible traces of the Jews in Spain are its neighborhoods, ghettos (In Catalonia and Mallorca calls calls). Between the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries achieved great prosperity and boom.

The biggest in Spain is that of Toledo and Barcelona, \u200b\u200bboth mentioned in several historical novels, The Toledo in "Last Jew" or The Toledo Jewish "and Barcelona in " La Catedral del Mar " .

The " fall" of the Jewish quarters in Spain, we can say began with pogroms of 1391, began in Seville and Andalusia quickly spread and other parts of Spain: Madrid, Toledo ... In 1473 there was another in Cordoba and in 1449 one in Toledo Castilla spread. These anti-Semitic violence speeches were encouraged by clerics who saw the Jewish neighborhoods as a continuing threat to their religion and welfare of the "good Christian citizens."

Finally, on March 31, 1492, the Catholic Kings in Granada signed the edict of expulsion of Catilla and a little later, Ferdinand signed one for the crown of Aragon. Behind the two edicts was the fearsome inquisitor Fray Tomas de Torquemada.


Some justifications of the edict:
"heretical pravedad fight the Jews spread throughout the Crown, because as is well known and as we are informed of the inquisitors and many other religious people ecclesiastical and secular, has great damage and it seems that Christians have been followed and follows from the participation, conversation, communication that have been and are with the Jews, which are always seeking to test, for all the ways and means may subvert and steal from our holy Catholic faith to the faithful Christians and part of them and attract and pervert their damaged belief and opinion "

The causes of this edict, have long been debated, some of which are: social pressure of the anti-Semitic hatred for the rich folk of the Jews, prosperity and the practice of usury, ... but what really matters is that the expulsion was prompted by the Inquisition and the clergy and conducted by the Catholic Monarchs for political and religious (of course it had that name for Isabel and Fernando). Perhaps the ultimate goal they hoped the Kings with this expulsion was the assimilation of converts and disputes to the people against the Jews.

The expulsion had serious and large consequences for Spain, we can group them into:

- Economic Gain: The Jews had many prohibitions when carried their property, had to sell their property at low cost and pay taxes.

-New Converts : true and false converts. Therefore emphasized more the difference between new Christians and Old Christians.

- Loss large Jewish royal advisers, lost in the scientific and cultural fields.


After this brief explanation of social problems and expulsion, let's talk a little more of the Jewish Quarter itself.

The Jewish quarter was a city within a city, usually situated near the walls and to maximize space used to be narrow streets. The main street was called "Main Street of the Jewish" (in the case of Toledo, would Street Angel). The district was separated by walls, to keep apart as possible to Jews and Christians.

most important buildings are:

-Synagogue: cultural and religious center. In large Jewish communities had more than one. (As in the case of Toledo. Currently two remain: Transito Synagogue and Sephardic Museum Santa María la Blanca).
-bath ritual

-Hospital-School
"Usually the Jewish possessed own oven, meat, fish, ... ( San Juan de los Reyes is located in part of the space it occupied a Jewish market)
- The cemetery also large Jewish communities outside the walls.


For further information please view:


Jewish Network

Sephardic Museum in Toledo

underclass

Finally, I can not end without saying that if you visit Toledo, do not hesitate to walk through the Jewish quarter and visit the synagogues you said that you will like.

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Excellent Blog Award

After this Easter so long and so full of work in which I was completely disconnected from the blogosphere, I found this haggard eyes morning and coffee in hand with 2 awards. So alert and I'll explain.

Thank you Minerva and Zub for letting me be among the 5 chosen Excellent Blog Award. Also want to congratulate them for receiving it, hehehehe ...

Zub As I said this is not a cash prize, but to receive this award you have to "play" with 5 other excellent blogs that you think for some reason. You must also place the image of Excellent Blog Award. But I think the best of these awards is that through them we can find new blogs that may date to overlook us.

After all this prelude, thanks and congratulations and I rolled up and I'll most important thing, the 5 winners (choice hard to just 5, and I recommend all the blogs I have linked):

- Some History : To Uge, for its magnificent series that got me hooked.

- History to resolve : Excellent blog, the topics varied, interesting and often completely unknown to me, trying a few new diseases.

- Historiantes : I have long been reading Victor and I still do, something will be right? I take from here to congratulate the Historiantes makeover.

- Historically : In its diversity, for all the information so clear in his post. Totally recommended.

- Medievalum : Excellent blog, very entertaining and also inform us of activities with history.

Well, I'm done with this, thanks again for the prize and do not forget the 5 winners elegisr another 5 posts for the chain can continue.

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A story of betrayal, and Ibn Al-Ammar Mutamid

Maybe we could start by saying, boy meets boy y. .. but no, there is too much current is diverted from the purpose of having this betrayal . Let's start again

:
al-Mutamid was the second son of al-Mutadid of Sevilla . He became heir and later king (1069-1091) because his father ordered the execution of his elder brother for alleged treason. When al-Mutamid
turned 12 his father sent him to be educacdo Silves by Ibn-Ammar, who had won the king's favor by writing a poem praising. Ibn-Ammar, who say it was a dark and ambitious character, the boy learned the pleasure of poetry and also insinuates that he discovered the pleasures of the flesh. The case is establishing a good friendship that lasted for years, they became inseparable, and the young al-Mutamid came to become vizier.
In 1058 al-
Mutamid found a girlfriend, who later became his wife, Rummaykiya , which was then called Itimad . Legend has it that he first saw on the bank of a river while playing with Ibn Ammar to complete verses, she was hidden there. Eventually

al-Mutamid Sevilla became a cultural and intellectual center very important and met there with great characters, but their relationship suffered ups and downs Ibn Ammar.

Ibn Ammar (who had gone very wrong with the finances) in 1078 borrowed money to Ramón Berenguer II Murcia to win and in return for your lender to see that he intended to return all borrowed, left him hostage al-Rashid a son of his "friend" al-Mutamid, all without that poor child's father knew it. When he learned of the treason, had to get his son back after paying a large sum, but Ibn Ammar Murcia finally conquering and being governor of it.

As if this were not enough, Ibn Ammar began plotting to secede from the Taifa of Seville, but was discovered and fled but was captured and brought before the king and former friend. Al-Mutamid

killed him with his own hands.

After execute a his old friend, things were not very well: his two eldest sons died in the war, he was banished with his wife ... And so in exile in Africa, ruined, spent his last years to poetry, hobby I joined both Ibn Ammar and wrote his best poems.

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Bridge Restoration of San Martin and some photographs



For all visitors to Toledo, the Puente de San Martín is a must, for the beauty of the bridge itself, for the sights and the environment .


This bridge was built at the end of the XIIIth, because in 1203 a flood took the old one. This primitive bridge would be located in what is now called the Bath Cava, legend of the same name included in this area.


s.XIV At the end of the bridge was restored (Henry II cut him to hinder the entrance to Toledo), and this time we also have legend. At the end of XVIII San Martín Bridge underwent a further restoration and this left him as we know it today.


The case is now in 2008 is restored again this bridge with a budget of one million euros and in the project include:


-Placement embankments to prevent erosion of the pillars.

-Cleaning the stalls.

-Elimination of the mortar and replacing this one to avoid the effect of water.

He will try to build a plaza at 3 levels.


Well, that's what I know of restoration, we'll see how long it lasts.

Source: ABC, 02/08/1927

addition to sharing with you the news of the restoration of the bridge, I want to leave a link to old photographs and very interesting Castilla La Mancha, a graphic documents worthwhile we take a look. Do not hesitate to click here.

M.c. Beaton Bibliography

TIME ON THE ACQUISITION OF HISTORICAL

To discuss the acquisition of the concept of historical time we refer to Piaget, According to which, the construction of historical time is linked to the construction of time and continues this sequence:

* 4-6 years: The child acquires personal time. Has a notion of time associated with performing daily routines.
* 6-9 years: acquires physical time. The child learns conventional systems for measuring time: days, months, weeks, ... First learn these systems and will progressively ordered. * 9 years
: acquires social time. With the new capabilities acquired by children learning the cyclical aspects of time and use signals or conventional marks knowledge and support on time.
* Between 11 and 16 years acquire notion of historical time. Briefly shelled this stage:

- Serializing chronological events: around age 11 the child can put in the time between 2 and 5 historical facts of the farthest back in time to the closer. We discussed that is capable of placing them in the Christian era (in our case), as is the one used to see and use. In the case of locating historical events in other chronologies, as the Islamic, Jewish, etc. We wait until the child is 15 years.
- Serializing causal : at age 13 has the capacity to relate events, capacity is very important when considering the historical facts.
- Concept Duration: children between 6 and 11 years (approximately) have a qualitative notion of historical time. Depends on things that happen in a period feel that is shorter or longer. For example, the study of prehistory at the stage of primary education (6-12 years), most children think that is a short stage as they believe that "few things happen."
- date knowledge : Primary students with their ability to remember dates. But rote learning has fallen into oblivion.
- complex notions of historical time : these concepts are acquired in about 17 years. Are CAUSATION AND CHANGE. Van realizing that among the "causes" and the "fact" is a period shorter or longer. They understand that the effect is not immediate. On the other hand we must also take into account that historical events have more than one cause (multiple causes) and more than one consequence. That is, the relationships are not simple and linear but complex and dynamic.

Today the study of history in schools is quite "poor", in the schools is studied in more depth. Taking into account the psychological constraints that we are when children are between 6 and 12 years would be desirable to encourage the study of history in an entertaining way, stressing that past events provide us with knowledge and understanding of present events (up of our daily life.) This could be done through anecdotes, historically important people ... We could approach this using oral sources, written and material (depending on age, with the most Small, oral sources and materials) and materialized through various activities: collection of family memories, simple lines and timelines, tours to different historical relics and museums (real or virtual visits), a collection of street names of the locality refer to historical people.

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More hair

seems to have tufts of hair from historical figures can be a bargain . We again have a story about "significant hair" This time we find ourselves in London, Blonde has auctioned a lock that supposedly belonged to Catherine Parr , last wife of Henry VIII .

The hair is stuck in an oval frame and was sold for 2,160 pounds (2,850 euros ). The buyer was Charles Hudson. Say "whether the object has been verified" but have not been tested for DNA. At least this time has not stopped habbo ...

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A World in Miniature Pirates

wanted to share a video of you who taught me the other day and gave me much to think, I actually liked a lot. I wanted to leave the video at the entrance but I had a few technical problems and after several attempts, I gave up, so I leave the link.

A World in Miniature

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, pirates and other seafarers

Buccaneers, buccaneers, corsairs ... many times we put them all in one bag: Pirates. But they all remain in our memory thanks to films and novels. Our vision is usually romantic, imagine how rogues that plied the seas in search of forbidden treasures. But in reality he? What were these people?

Disticiones
To discuss this issue must begin to distinguish certain things can be said that until the mid / late XVIIth century, privateers were indistinguishable from pirates. The English called it pirates or cossario. " Since this century began to use the word pirate in Spain, and with it were called to the sailors who did not respect the papal bull by which Spain dominated the Atlantic. You have to understand Corsair (derived from the patent Corso), like the sailor who is protected by at least one power, so their actions were legal. Pirates on the other hand were free in their actions and not depend on anyone. An example of converting pirate privateer, is Turtle Island (yes, that which appears in the film Pirates of the Caribbean, where everyone plays and drink without moderation) is found to be independent had to agree to serve the French.

should also mention an important aspect, maritime trade was risky, expensive and dangerous to the s. XVIII (England regulates maritime commerce) and all nations at some point have resorted to piracy to repay the investment.
The rise of piracy has political and economic reasons, nations used their privateers to diminish the wealth and power of their opponents and not only that, it was also a way to continue a war that is finished.

On with the definitions: buccaneer; These were considered the worst for piracy, were despised by everyone else. Appeared at the end of XVII century and settled in the Caribbean mainly stole from the English. Were mainly deserters, murderers, criminals and adventurers, established normally not more than 3 or 4 together. Wore a leather belt which had 3 or 4 knives. Were assembled with shotguns loaded with gunpowder called "buccaneer." One of his asepctos peculiar is that they were cazodores and stayed for long periods in the bush.

Now to talk about the filibuster. Appeared on 1630, mainly on Turtle Island. They were "semipiratas" as "medium" serving English and French navies. The English called them "pechelingues" because they spoke a language that mixed English with French words and Dutch esapoñolas. The most famous of the so-called filibusters, is the creation of the "Brethren of the Coast", this brotherhood partners intended to ensure the independent exercise of piracy. The governing council and decisions were made together, not persecuted members who left and had no criminal code. A curious fact is that there was no private property as such, if someone captured a ship, gave it to the guild so that he could use who needed it. Thus, when someone devised a felony, was chosen captain, will be delivered to a ship and when finished was returned to the guild. That dream faded when they lost pirate these "good" habits ", especially that of captain-elect, and that initially the captain was almost one more, ate the same, he made his bed, etc. Autoriadad was only true in time the battle.

Customs
the Black Bart said "In a usual honest work is work hard and earn little, the pirate life on the other hand, is the fullness and satiety, pleasure and fortune, freedom and power as well" .

pirates wore whatever they could, especially with what podíasn steal, used to wear hat or scarf covering the head and mid-calf pants. The Buccaneers do not wash these pants and never die, they left his best friend (have to see under what conditions was this pledge). Also used a sash to hold his arms and wearing a gold ring in the ear because he had crossed the Cape Horn or the Good Hope
Aboard used to eat turtle, fish and some beef jerky and rum (a classic pirate). It was customary to establish a code of conduct on the boat, for example, was often punish acts of cowardice or reward the first to see a ship to plunder.

The sea life, also had time for fun, be entertained with games very "educational"
"The Pulse , classic and simple game to give more emotion you put a hot iron on each side, and the loser will burn.
- Random Shots : born with this game of Russian roulette. Was to be locked in a dark room, one of which was carrying two pistols played at a given signal began to shoot and the other, of course, trying to dodge bullets.
- Given : Well, this game was to the prisoners, because some hackers were forced to play the head of the dice.
- Theater: Parody war trials were held in the Royal Navy.

Arms
wore guns had to be primed with each shot, knives and especially swords, and these tended to be slightly curved and single edged. And of course the ships were equipped with cannons that fired iron balls weighing between 5 and 10 kilos.

The end of piracy
The signing of the Treaty of Utrecht (1712-1716), which established the right to free navigation on America, marks the beginning of the end of piracy, and different governments that are interested in trading without incident. So the pirates were left without legal support for their looting, what happened with most of these pirates is that they became pirates and also attacked British ships, English, Portuguese ... without differences, and no nation had to obey. Thus, all became outlaws and in the decade of 1720 were swept by the different armies.

Pirates made history
Different captains have gone down in history for several actions, remember some of them:
Barbarossa: frightened the English Mediterranean coast.
Dragut: was a great enemy of Charles V, his career as a privateer came to the fore after the death of Dragut.
Francis Drake: Maybe it's the pirate more Fomos English, also feared by the English. Queen Elizabeth protected him unofficially.
Walter Raleigh: This pirate was also a courtier, poet and parliamentarian (very peculiar indeed his career). Tudor was Isable lover, until she seduced one of her bridesmaids and this put him in the Tower of London. He believed in the legend of El Dorado and tried to get him. Finally was beheaded by royal command.
Lolonois : The Frenchman has gone down in history for his cruelty, set up his headquarters in Turtle Island. But the most unusual of his biography, his death, was captured by cannibals in Darien, they tore him alive, roasted and ate.
Morgan: also was imprisoned in the Tower of London. After making his crimes protected by patent Corso and Charles II, was appointed deputy governor of Jamaica, and the funny thing is, it was a relentless pursuer of which were dedicated to the ancient craft. (His life was the basis for the novels "The Gold Cup" by John Steinbeck and "black swan" by Rafael Sabatini "

literature and film have given us a fairly sweetened of these marine ; on them have spilled rivers of ink and even Hollywood has surrendered to its charms. The most recent example: the trilogy of "Pirates of the Caribbean" and the most classic "Treasure Island."

Great History, No 12